对英语一直感到苦恼_:(´ཀ`」 ∠):_。
     虽然看过几本英文的专业书籍，也看了不少元器件的英文datasheet，但语法还是硬伤。我认为至少对于我，不懂句子结构，不了解逻辑关系，不熟悉常用搭配，是自己经常看到长句子，虽然认识每个单词，不理解或者误解的原因。
    记得有位老师说：“如果你不透彻搞懂，那么看到的都是幻觉( ?´_ゝ｀)。”  那么我想来一次突破，搞定常用的语法，彻底看懂，不再瞎猜。也在这里召唤一些有共同目标的朋友一起学习，相互促进。更希望有能力的大神，提供“画龙点睛，提纲挈领”的帮助。
   也希望能够 抛 砖引玉~，提供一个学习参考。
    今天周一，开始做这件事情。帖子问题我会至少持续一周。具体这样：
我会从读到的各种文章里抽自己认为不容易理解的句子，然后附上我的理解，请各位指教。所谓“理解”大概包括4点
虽然很繁琐，但是这是一个必须经历的过程吧。
1.       抽出句子主干
2.       辨认各部分成分，逻辑上的关系
3.       理解（翻译成中文）
4.       疑问
如果你有兴致又擅长英文，希望得到你的帮助。ヾ|*ﾟ∀ﾟ*|ﾉ"
当然，如果你也同样的烦恼，希望跟帖回复，大家共同进步，解决这个烦人的小问题。
Ps.句子难度不限，长短不限，只要是不懂的都放上来，以搞懂为目的。
Ps.Ps.也欢迎各路大神提供语法、及其好的例句的总结。
Ps.Ps.Ps 有时候理解需要上下文，我会附上，一般不需要的就不多费力了。
先来两个详细的例子，之后的就简练点，请多指教(*ノ・ω・）
ψ(｀∇´)ψ 不知道前面卖萌姿势正不正确啊
1.The fact that the ancient Roman world still existed in Italy in ruins only added to sense of cultural loss that struck the founders of this profound rebirth.
上下文
during the high Renaissance, artists, philosophers, and scholars recognized for the first time in western history that classical antiquity had died—its literature, its architecture, and its artistic emphasis upon man—and that the dead past deserved to be reborn. The fact that the ancient Roman world still existed in Italy in ruins only added to sense of cultural loss that struck the founders of this profound rebirth. That's one key to knowing what the high Renaissance was all about and why it was so significant.
理解
句子有两个从句，
第一个是同位语从句 ( that the ancient Roman world still existed in Italy in ruins ) 解释说明The fact，其中两个in Italy ，in ruins修饰the ancient Roman world，still副词修饰existed。
第二个是定语从句sense of cultural loss that struck the founders of this profound rebirth.其中that做主语，指代前面的sense of cultural loss。后面的of this profound rebirth.修饰the founders。
句子主干应该是fact added to loss ，一件什么事情增加了什么“损失”。
主要是不知道struck前后怎么翻
把这个句子拆成三句
The fact only added to sense of cultural loss . 
这件事情只能增加文化失落感。
The sense of cultural loss struck the founders of this profound rebirth. 
文化失落感刺激了文艺复兴的开创者。
That( the ancient Roman world still existed in Italy in ruins )is the fact. 
古罗马世界的废墟仍存留于意大利是这件事情。
所以翻译为：
古罗马世界的废墟仍存留于意大利，这只能增加刺激（struck）着开创这场意义深远的重生的人们的文化失落感。
2.Hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope and you can make your life a splendid one.
理解Hew a stone.凿出一块石头
Hew out of the mountain a stone.从山里凿出一块石头
Hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. 从绝望的山里凿出一块希望的石头
这是新东方的一句话，觉得挺有意思。
翻译：从绝望中寻找希望，人生终将辉煌
开始吧
看到任何错误请指正，谢谢。
因为排版费时间，所以我会先放上一些句子（主要是考研英语阅读），不一定来得及写理解，如果你看懂了，有时间也请你选一两句来解释。
只要说清楚就好。
[page]
原文
The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part， the response has been favorable， to say the least. “Hooray！ At last！” wrote Anthony Tommasini， a sober-sided classical-music critic. 
One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise， however， is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini， who had advocated Gilbert‘s appointment in the Times， calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez， that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise. 
For my part， I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure， he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions， but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall， or anywhere else， to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf， or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes. 
Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time， attention， and money of the art-loving public， classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses， dance troupes， theater companies， and museums， but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap， available everywhere， and very often much higher in artistic quality than today‘s live performances； moreover， they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert. 
　　One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert‘s own interest in new music has been widely noted： Alex Ross， a classical-music critic， has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different， more vibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of that difference？ Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed， they must first change the relationship between America‘s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.
2.1
As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez， that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.
As a description 
(of the next music director 
(of an orchestra))
that (指 an orchestra) (has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez)， 
that (指 description) seems likely to have struck (strike sb as sth 给某人以某种印象)  （at least） （some） （Times） readers as faint praise.
定语从句1，解释说明orchestra
an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez 
一个曾经由Gustav Mahler 和 Pierre Boulez这样的（著名）音乐家领导的交响乐团
Orchestra 又限定 director 。表示这样一个交响乐团的指挥
定语从句2，解释说明开头的description
a description that seems likely to have struck  readers as faint praise.
这样的评论让读者觉得赞扬很牵强。strike sb as sth 给某人以某种印象
（at least） （some） （Times） readers ，括号中是对readers的限定说明。（谁来说说是作什么成分？搞不清楚）
翻译：对于一直是由Gustav Mahler 和 Pierre Boulez这样著名音乐家领导的交响乐团，这样描述其下一任音乐总监，似乎至少会让TIME的读者觉得这是一种牵强的赞赏。
主干
That description seems a faint praise.
2.2
For my part， I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. 
To be sure， he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions， but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall， or anywhere else， to hear interesting orchestral music.
理解
To be sure， 
he performs (an impressive variety of interesting) compositions， 
but 
it is not necessary (for me ) （主语从句）
to visit Avery Fisher Hall， 
Or (to) anywhere else， 
to hear (interesting orchestral )music.  （并列，都是作主句主语）
翻译：的确，他指挥了各种各样令人印象深刻的有趣的作品，但是我不一定非要到Avery Fisher音乐厅或者其他的音乐厅才能听到有趣的音乐。
主干
it is not necessary
2.3
For the time， attention， and money of the art-loving public， classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses， dance troupes， theater companies， and museums， but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century.
2.4
One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record.
//----------------------------------------------------------------//
[page]
上下文
It‘s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful， provocative magazine cover story， “I love My Children， I Hate My Life，” is arousing much chatter – nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling， life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable， Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness： instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy， we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard， Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.” 
The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive – and newly single – mom Sandra Bullock， as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom， or mom-to-be， smiling on the newsstands. 
In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation， is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ？ It doesn’t seem quite fair， then， to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids， but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world： obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives. 
Of course， the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic， especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples， single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there， considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on； yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it， raising a kid on their “own” （read： with round-the-clock help） is a piece of cake. 
It‘s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous： most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free， happiness-enhancing parenthood aren‘t in some small， subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience， in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.
3.1
It‘s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful,provocative magazine cover story,“I love My Children，I Hate My Life，”is arousing much chatter – nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling，life-enriching experience.
理解
It‘s no surprise that  (主语从句)（Jennifer Senior‘s）（insightful，provocative magazine cover）story
，"I love My Children，I Hate My Life，” (双逗号插入语，解释说明 story)
is arousing （much）chatter (主语是story)
– nothing gets people talking like the suggestion (破折号，说明arousing chatter)
that (child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling， life-enriching experience.)（同位语从句，解释说明suggestion)
翻译：见解深刻和颇具争议的杂志封面故事“我爱我的孩子，但我讨厌我的生活”引起了广泛讨论，这并不奇怪-没有什么比“育儿绝不完全是实现自我、丰富生活”的说法更能引起大家讨论了。
主干
That is no surprise.
3.2
Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids.
3.3
But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free， happiness-enhancing parenthood aren‘t in some small， subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience， in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.
//--------------------------------------------------------------//
[page]
4.1
Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture”, like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.
4.2
Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.
4.3
Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect extremist of his kind of think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.
4.4
Canada’s premiers ( the leaders of provincial governments ), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce health-case costs.